Champions ---- the secret not so complex

what does it take to be a champian?
Being a soccer maniac and an ardent fan of Messi i used to watch his videos with utmost detail.
And what occured to me in the realm of lifes complexity and simplicity amid the high shades of lifes, is truely amazing.
I found the way champians like Messi are performing the great acts with minimum efforts(as we percieve). Along with football one of my passion from childhood has been Computers and a dream of making some amazing things happen with it. So i chose Aritficial intelligence as my department elective though i am ECE guy.
So what's the observation that i made.
Plan ->> as i was watching the game which has its inherited complexities. i observed that
messi though it appears he does a lot of different tricks to score and almost with different styles.
But the things that helped me find the solution was Artificial Intelligence. We have been taught about Goal Based Problem solving. And i thing unconciously messi was doing the same.
He has a plan and a clear cut vision on the ground. And certainly in that complexity to have such calm mind itself is difficult but who says you can become champian in one day. So what he was doing. the moment he gets the ball. He sets in motion. And the goal is not to tackle the players not to reach towards the post. Never he has developed a tremendous amount of grit determination and concentration that allows him to always think of his the goal. He is not baffled by the players their numbers dont scare him. He just believes in his hard earned experience  to make plans to score.

so what he actually does. His task is simple. He always tries to minimise the no of defenders around him so he could have a view towards the goal. Sometimes he flips right and moves towards left sometimes he slows down and then accelerate only to get a chance to kick or get rid of the defence. so actually inspit of the complexities he is not scared or uncontrolled. he is in full grip of himself. He knows what he is doing.And what he has to do.
And he has a vision(actual he can estimate if it he could score or not and its hard work not magic) to find the right moment to strike at the chord at the right time. Then  amazing things start to happen.

So that is what you have to do. You have to believe in yourself. You have to keep yourself calm. You have to know what you are doing. You have to know what you will do. You have to know how to play with the complexities. And the most fundamental, you have to have the experience and skill to get around the situations and emerge as a CHAMPIAN.

superconductors

semiconductors

magnetic_properties

magnetic properties of substances has been rightly exploited in the domain of whole of engineering.
many instances of heavy use in fields like rotating machines, loudspeakers, ferrite antennas, transformers and inductors have been ubiquitous. A material shows four different kinds of magnetic behavior and of them the main focus of our study are ferro- and ferri- magnetic properties. Apart from the twos we have paramagnetic and diamagnetic magnetic substances. the science of magnetism in todays world of modern sciences also encompass the special property of Superconductivity. superconductivity is the property of complete loss of magnetic behavior in a material. it finds use in many different domain of engineering and plays a very critical role there.

Superconductivity :- the property in itself is very interesting and finds use in many different fields of application. A seminal research done at IBM, a pioneer in computer engineering research, was successful in bring this special property at a higher temperature (Tc) of 77K.

application:- solenoids, sensitive magnetometers , and high Q-microwave filters

Exploring the magnetic properties in detail :::::- Sciences of magnetic properties..

Magnets:--All matter shows the mysterious properties of magnetism. A typical property of a magnet and magnetic field is magnet kept in inhomogeneous magnetic field either attracts it or repels it. and this very dogma is central to the magnetic properties of various material. A current or a moving charge produces magnetic field  and electrons present within the atoms are responsible for the same. but why does it differ do they not contain same type of electrons and even if it has something to do with difference on atoms then we ought to observe the periodicity but we fail to do so.

these magnetic dipoles created out of electronic movements creates the magnetic field.
magnetic dipole is defined as the product of ( current [ I ] [A] and directed perpend 2 the area of plain..)
the magnetic field is inversely proportional to r^3..


Now in details the ATOMIC magnetic moments:::

             current= q/ T= -e*f=-e*w/2pi
               1u = I * A= -ewr^2/2
               1_u_orb=-e/2m_e L
               1u_spin=-e/m_eS
               L=mwr^2


the spin magnetic moment precess about the axis PRECESS

Precession is an interplay of torques and angular momentum .

a very important and striking phenomenon in the atomic substructure is that not all of the electrons are involved in the magnetic properties of the material. the inner orbital electrons cancel their L and S within the atom. and the magnetic phenomena is mainly shown by the valence electrons which are unpaired.

Sz= quantizes magnetic moment = ms*h/2pi

MAGNETISATION vector M :::::----

       Bo=Uo*n*I  [n * I = I' ]

M is actually a measure of the magnetization of  the material medium. a meterial when put into a solenoid having a B of UoNI develops a magnetization M ( and this quantified property helps us to predict the overall magnetic field in the space);

in actuality M is magnetic moment per unit volume

here Nat is no of atoms / unit volume and Uav is the average magnetic dipole moment...

    so by definition total magnetic moment = M A L

                      

it can be shown from simple physics that    :::::---

   

                          M A L = I_m  L A 

so M = I_m

 this particular formula derived is general in nature and emphasised that this Im is not due to atomic motion but totally of localised electronic nature.

           B = Uo( I' + Im)= Bo+ Uo*M

   here I' is the current actually applied and Im is the induced one.

Magnetizing Field  H = B/Uo

Ampere law relates the curl of B around the boundary with the current passing through the circuit ...

B/Uo = H relates the H curl over the surface directly with the current..

        H* 2pi=I::::

 the resulting B is combined of both the applied and the New magnetism in the material

Varioius formulas associated with B amperes laws and H and M are as follow:::::----

1>    LorenZ force
2> magnetic flux
3> magnetic dipole moment
4> bohr magneton     B
5>Magnetisation Vector    M
6> Magnetic Susceptibility    Xm
7>absolute permeability  Uo    c=(Eo*Uo)^(1/2)
8> relative permeability  Ur=B/UoH the change in u corresponding to the material medium
9> magnetic permeability      the changed magnetic permeability
10> inductance    L=Phi/I total flux threaded per unit current.
11> magnetostatic  energy density  Evol  H d(B)



Amperes Law and the inductance of a toroidal coil ::::


   integral of H over circular region =NI

H = NI/ l (l = perimeter)
     B = U H = Uo Ur H
     L = total flux threaded / current ::::::
the current has the property of threading magnetic flux in the circuit and that circuit works as Inductor by the grace of Lenz law:::


in a toroid we apply a magnetic field and then the innate relationship existing between the magnetic field and current through maxwells equations helps us to find the the H inside the toroid..
     Hl=NI
                 Faradays law = d(total flux )/d(t) =Nd(phi)/d(t) = N A dB/dt
     

  Energy density =  integrating over of ( H * d(B))
      B=ur uo * H
  MAGnetostatic energy density ::::----- Evol=0.5*Ur*Uo*H^2

Evol (air) = 0.5 * Uo * H^2

Evol = 0.5* H * B

Magnetic Material classification ::::-

every magnetic property we are exploring right now is related with
the formula B = Bo+U*H
A>>>> Diamagnetisation :::---  typical diamagnetic with Xm = -5.2* 10^ -6

  with the grace of lenz law we have

a diamagnetic material placed in a non-uniform magnetic field experiences force in lesser magnetic field ::
this repels the magnetic field>>>>>
                                           
                                             

basics what it happens in diamagnetic materials :::

Superconductors have Xm=-1 :::; perfectly diagmagnet ----

carbon copper plastic water

PARAmagnetic ___

they have positive Xm >0

and generally its not much as larger so we dont expect any significant difference>>

o2 is paramagnetic :::::

     liquid nitrogen is attracted by the magnetic field 

actually in Paramagnetic substances they do posses some permanent magnetisation but due to thermal agitation they tend to lose the magnetic property.

     with the assistance of external magnetic field theres an increase in magnetism and is attracted towards the field.

examples of paramagnetic substances ...

platinum and aluminumi

generally metals because they have free valence electroncs outside their closed shell

Ferromagneti

sm :::---

materials::- iron 

origin::- quantum mechanical exchange energy 

magnetic domains 

slowly with the application of magnetic field the M in the material saturates ::

Xm :::-- very high and +ve

 CURIE  temperature is the critical temperature below which the material shows ferromagnetism and above it it loses to paramagnetism ::

Anti - ferromagnetism 

such as::--- chromimun 

Xm= small but positive ::

origin :: quantum mechanical exchange forces 

explantion::  magnetic moments allign in opposite direction and cancell one - another 

                   in the absence of applied field no magnetisation 

                   NEEL temperature  Tn 

above Tn antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic :::

cromium BCC(r) unmagnetised

Ferrimagnetic material :::

thers some magn even in absenc of B

 such as::-- ferrites

origins:: unequal cancellation of magnetic field 

Curie temperature effect applied here also ..

N.B. ferrimagnetic materials are generally not conducting so they generally donot suffer from eddy current losses:::

Either ferro or ferri are heavily used in applications involving magnets....

ORIGINS OF ferro and ferri magnetism :::- very important as these are d only substances used

its quantum mechanical in nature and depends on 

                              a> Pauli Exclusion principle  

                              b> electrostatic  interaction energy 

EXCHANGE interaction bhi bolte hain

ms and ml are so adjusted to minimize the energy of the system .....

   an isolated Fe has four unpaired electrons

in modern theory of solids we came with the idea that the electrons does not belong to a particular atom but to the all...

Fe Ni Co    Hunds rule of multicipality 

for Fe it is 2.2 per atom 

Josephson effect:::--

two port network

 A pair of terminals is called a PORT.

at this stage we will be studying only two port network.  A port has the property that in one of the terminal the current enters and it exits from the other.


in two port networks we have four quantities to track of [[[[[[[[[V1,V2,I1,I2  ]]]]]]]]]]]

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________in these only two are independent _________________________


IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
______________________________________________________________________________
They play a vital role in synthesis of filters and also widely used in the design and analysis of impedance matching networks and power distribution networks.

V1=I1*z11+I2*z12
V2=I2*Z22+ I1*Z21

equating one to zero and then evaluating will give the others.



ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
______________________________________________________________________________

In certain of cases impedance parameters may not exist at all. And for those cases we have admittance parameters which will do with V1 and V2 in terms of I1 and I2.

I1= V1*y11+ V2*y12
I2=V2*y22+V1*y21


HYBRID PARAMETERS::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
_______________________________________________________________________________
V1=h11*I1+h12*V2
I2=h21*I1+h22*V2

concept of symmetricallicty

conversion to T network  and if not the general equivalent ::::::::::::::::::

       z11-z12                       z22-z12                                             z11*I1                                     z22*I2
                              z12                                                                                z12*I2      z21*I1

An ideal transformer has no Z--parameters

                     so::::::::::::                       V1         I1
                                                        __   ==  __ == n^-1
                                                       V2          I2

transformer is an example of two port network
transistor can also be modelled as two port network

Basically two separate ports for input and output ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


common ground two port network ____________________________________________________

INTERCONNECTED TWO PORT NETWORKS :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

A> parallel    --- Y= Ya + Yb

B> Series  --- Z=Za + Zb

C> cascade  T = Ta* Tb